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| A code of conduct is an important
management tool which can positively shape the culture of an organization.
Many organizations have found that adopting a clearly defined approach
to ethical issues improves the organization’s reputation, helps
to develop pride among staff and is good for business. ... A code
of conduct sets out the standards of behavior expected of staff
in an organization and should help them to solve ethical dilemmas
they face at work. ... A good code of conduct is an active document
to which all staff in the organization refer-not a document that
sits on a shelf in a senior manager's office gathering dust. - from
the Code of Conduct by Independent Commission Against Corruption,
New South Wales, Australia |
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| The following page contains some of the examples
of the Code of Ethics and Conduct and links to related websites.
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Ethics Agencies
and Codes of Ethics/Conduct
Major
Online Collections of Code of Ethics/Conduct
Publications,
Studies, Analysis, Educational Programs
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| Guidance
to Develop Codes of Ethics/Conduct and Training |
1. From the Independent
Commission Against Corruption, New South Wales, Australia:
- Code
of Conduct -- a guidance how to develop and implement
codes of conduct.
Russian
version: Кодекс
Поведения
-- руководство по созданию и внедрению кодекса поведения.
- Conflics
of Interest -- a guidance how
to address conflic of interest.
Russian
version: Конфликты
интересов
-- руководство по созданию и внедрению положений по конфликтам
интересов.
2. The Corporate
Responsibility and Business Ethics Course from the World
Bank focuses on developing an integrated approach to training
in the field of corporate responsibilities and business ethics,
and its linkage to corporate and national governance. At the country
level, this integrated approach could be used in the design and
implementation of appropriate policy measures and initiatives
aimed at creating an environment that support sound corporate
responsibility and business ethics practices and thus strengthening
the effort of promoting in-depth transparency, sound societal
values, and fighting corruption.
3. Rule
of Law for Business and Anti-Corruption Initiatives in Transitional
Economies -- The U.S. Department of Commerce, in
cooperation with the U.S.-Russia Business Development Committee
and the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, has developed
Basic Guidelines for Codes of Business Conduct to promote good
business practices and ethical behavior in commercial relations
between private firms as well as with government officials. The
Basic Guidelines are meant to serve as a foundation for companies
to develop and adopt their own codes of conduct taking into account
applicable laws, regulations and other circumstances, such as
the size and structure of the business.
4. From OECD/PUMA
(Programme on Public Management and Governance )
5. From Transparency Interntional
Source Book 2000: Confronting Corruption: The Elements of a National
Integrity System --
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| Ethics
Agencies and Codes of Ethics/Conduct |
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International Organizations
UNITED
NATIONS:
COUNCIL
OF EUROPE:
EUROPEAN
UNION:
EUROPEAN
COMISSION:
THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF):
OECD
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Countries
of the ACG Region
CZECK
REPUBLIC -- Draft
Corporate Governance Code in Czeck Republic. The draft Code
is based on the OECD Principles but reference has also been made
to other materials including the Combined Code of the London Stock
Exchange. The Code is intended as a set of standards of best practice
to be adopted and implemented in the Czech Republic without recourse
to the introduction of legislation. This is the approach adopted
in other countries, most notably in the United Kingdom, which
is seen by many as the standard bearer of good corporate governance
practices in Europe.
ESTONIA
--Code
of Ethics for the Public Service, adopted on 27.01.99
entered into force 28.02.99 and is part of the Public Service
Act.
GEORGIA
-
Ethics
Code of Public Servants (Basic Principles)
HUNGARY
-- Code of
Ethics for Public Officials.
LATVIA
--Code
of Conduct Latvia (inofficial translation),
Instruction of the Cabinet of Ministers of 09.01.2001 Principles
of ethical behaviour of civil servants with comments made by Civil
Service Administration.
POLAND
-- Code of Ethic
of the Civil Service. A draft of 5 June 2001
ROMANIA
-- Corporate
Governance Code in Romania. This voluntary Governance Code
of best practices was initiated and adopted by business associations
and consists of a set of reference standards for use by any reputable
company which adopts its own corporate governance code. This code
is only the starting point for the development of a corporate
governance culture in Romania. It was adopted by business associations
during the workshop conducted by the strategic alliance of business
associations, in Bucharest on March 24, 2000.
RUSSIA
--
Decree
of the President of the Russian Federation on Approval of
General Principles of Official Conduct of Civil Servants
(August 12, 2002,No. 885)
Указ
президента российской федерации об утверждении общих принципов
служебного Поведения государственных служащих (No885
от 12 августа 2002 г.)
-
Code
of Conduct for Civil Servants
-- draft approved on May 17, 2002 by the Russia's
lower house of parliament. (in Russian only).
- Basic
Guidelines for Codes of Business Conduct --Authors: Igor
Y. Abramov. These Basic Guidelines for Codes of Business
Conduct have been developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce
in cooperation with the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
and the U.S.-Russia Business Development Committee (BDC). The
Guidelines reflect extensive input from Russian and American
trade organizations and businesses provided in the course of
round tables and discussions conducted in Russia and United
States.
- Declaration
of Integrity in Business Conduct in Saint Petersburg, Russia
-- In September 1998, the St. Petersburg business community
created the Declaration of Integrity in Business Conduct, a
voluntary statement of commitment to international business
principles and practices. By adopting the Declaration, a company
promises to repudiate corruption and to implement a code of
business ethics as part of its policy of corporate governance.
There are now more than 130 voluntary signatories to the Declaration
of Integrity.
- Model
Code of Business Ethics from the Center
for Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, St. Petersburg,
Russia.
- Integrity
Pledges: The Russian Experience -- Authors: Anna
Ossipova, Presentation given by Ms A. Ossipova during the
10th IACC in Prague, on the St. Petersburg based Center
for Business Ethics and Corporate Governance's experience
to promote ethics standards in the private sector.
- Draft
Code of Corporate Conduct -- Authors: Mr. Igor V. Belikov.
The definitive text of the draft Code of Corporate Conduct is
the Russian text released for public comment on September 18,
2001 at the Third Session of the Corporate Governance Coordination
Council in Moscow. The following text is an unofficial English
translation. Text of the Code is presented at the Russian
Institute of Directors.
Corporate
Codes:
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Other
Region Countries
AUSTRALIA:
CANADA:
- Office
of the Ethics Counsellor -- the Office has responsibility
for the Conflict of Interest and
Post-Employment Code for Public Office Holders, the Lobbyists
Registration Act, and the Lobbyists' Code
of Conduct. The Office regularly provides advice on ethical
issues to federal and provincial departments and
agencies, foreign governments as well as private sector organizations.
- Special
Joint Committee on a Code of Conduct of the Senate and the House
of Commons
- International
Institute for Public Ethics -- The International Institute
for Public Ethics is an international professional association
for practitioners and scholars working in the field of Public
Sector Ethics. Its prime objective is to develop an international
and professional community of public sector ethicists, and to
offer support for scholars and practitioners in the field.
- Governmental
Ethics Law in Canada, a site prepared by Dr. Gregory J.
Levine under the Canadian Governmental Ethics Law project. This
site is intended to provide information concerning aspects of
governmental ethics law in Canada and to provide links to other
sites which contain such information. The primary foci are:
conflict of interest,lobbying, access to information, privacy,
and administrative fairness.
GERMANY:
- Code
of Best Practice for German Corporate Governance. Corporate
Governance Rules promote and reinforce the confidence of current
and future shareholders, lenders, employees, business partners
and the general public in national and international markets.
The Supervisory Board, Management Board and Executive Staff
of the Company identify themselves with these Rules and are
contractually bound by them. They are part of the general obligation
to observe other interests related to the corporate activity.
The Rules of the Code serve as general guidelines for Corporate
Governance for quoted German companies. Quoted companies are
all enterprises whose shares are officially listed on a German
stock exchange or traded over-the-counter.
IRELAND:
JAPAN:
- Corporate
Governance Principles: a Japanese view. The principles listed
herein are designed as a two-step formula for realizing effective
corporate governance: principles that should be adopted in approximately
five years, along with legal reforms, are "Step A Principles",
and are indicated below as [Principle A]. "Step В Principles"
are those which should be aimed for in the early 21st Century,
are necessary (with amendments) to illuminate the path toward
the globalized market, and which require legal reforms on a
grand scale. They are indicated below as [Principle B].
KOREA:
- Code
of Best Practice for Corporate Governance of Korea. The
Committee on Corporate Governance was founded as a non-government
body in March 1999 to develop a code of best practices. The
Committee has fully attempted to take into consideration the
unique managerial circumstances faced by Korean corporations,
and also to include in the Code the principles and standards
that are the internationally governing practices for corporations.
It is the high expectation of the Committee that this Code guide
corporations toward improved governance structure and serve
as a model of proper corporate governance structure.
NEW
ZEALAND:
UNITED
KINGDOM:
UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA:
U.S.
Office of Government Ethics --The Office of Government
Ethics exercises leadership in the executive branch to prevent
conflicts of interest on the part of Government employees, and
to resolve those conflicts of interest that do occur. In partnership
with executive branch agencies and departments, OGE fosters high
ethical standards for employees and strengthens the public's confidence
that the Government's business is conducted with impartiality
and integrity.
US
Department of Justice, Departmental Ethics Office
-- The Departmental Ethics Office is responsible for administering
the DoJ-wide ethics program and for implementing Department-wide
policies on ethics issues. The office provides advice and training
directly to employees in the senior management offices and the
Justice Management Division and supervises the ethics programs
in the remaining Department components. On this website you can
find the various laws and regulations governing the conduct of
Department of Justice employees. It includs general information
on the Executive Branch Standards of Conduct, the conflict of
interest statutes, the Department’s supplemental standards of
conduct and various other ethics rules, regulations and policies.
US
Department of Defence, Standards of Conduct Office
-- The General Counsel is the DoD Designated Agency Ethics Official
(DAEO) who oversees the ethics and standards of conduct programs
throughout DoD, including providing guidance to the Army, Navy,
Air Force, and DoD Agencies. These responsibilities are carried
out through the DoD Standards of Conduct Office (SOCO), a part
of the Defense Legal Services Agency.
US
Department of the Interior, Department Ethics Office
-- This website has information on the ethics laws and rules that
govern Department of the Interior employees; you will also get
a good sense of what we expect of our employees in order to maintain
the highest level of integrity and to secure the trust of the
American public in their Government.
Ethics
Resource Center -- ERC's mission is to be a leader and catalyst
in fostering ethical practices in individuals and institutions.
ERC's goals are: inspire individuals, both children and adults,
to act ethically towards one another; inspire institutions to
act ethically, recognizing their role as transmitters of values;
and inspire individuals and institutions to join together in fostering
ethical communities.
Ethics
in Journalism from the Society of Professional
Journalists (SPJ). Also, SPJ
Code of Ethics
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Ethics
Meetings
Ethics
in the New Millenium - Brinning the Public and Private Sectors
-- International Insitutte for Public Ethics, Year 2000 Conference,
September 24-28, 2000, Ottawa, Canada.
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| Major
Online Collections of Code of Ethics/Conduct |
| Markkula
Center for Applied Ethics -- at Santa Clara University
is to heighten ethical awareness and improve ethical decision-making
on campus and in the community at large. The Center supports innovative
teaching, research, and community programs in applied ethics and
uses the perspectives of different disciplines to help decision-makers
devise practical strategies for resolving the ethical and value
questions confronting them. The website has links to over 800 ethics
related sites.
Code
of Ethics Online -- by the Center for Study of Ethics
in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology. The website
contains over 850 codes of ethics of professional societies, corporations,
government, and academic institutions. A literature review,
an introduction to the codes, and a User Guide are included. The
production of this site was accomplished in collaboration with
IIT's Instructional Multimedia Center.
Codes
of Ethics and Conduct from the Case Western Reserve
University
Ethics
WWW Resource Database from the DePaul University Institute
for Business and Professional Ethics
Fraud
and Corruption Prevention Internet Links: Procurement and Project
Management Programme
Institute
for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics - links
to Ethics related websites
Ethics
and Corruption from OECD/PUMA website.
Professional
Ethics resources on WWW from the University of British
Columbia Centre for Applied Ethics
Shell's
Management Primer Series on Bribery and Corruption. A
guide for staff on how to deal with bribery and corruption.
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| Publications,
Studies, Analysis, Educational Programs |
| Code
of Ethics and Social Audit Manual for SMEs
--The Integra Foundation recently published a “Code of Ethics
and Social Audit Manual” designed to assist small and medium-sized
enterprises in examining their own processes, practices and motives,
as well as to encourage them in their efforts to build an ethical
and transparent corporate culture. The manual is the result of the
project “Development and Implementation of Active Anti-Corruption
Tools” implemented by the Integra Foundation in co-operation with
the Foundation for the Support of Civic Activities and the Embassy
of the United States of America in Bratislava between January 2001
and March 2002. The goal of the project was to create systematic,
pro-active tools for small and medium-sized organisations in their
struggle against corruption.
Copies of this manual can be
obtained from Mrs. Daniela Olejarova (daniela.olejarova@integra.sk).
Conflict
of Interest--Legislators, Ministers and Public Officials --
by Carney, Gerard. TI Working paper.
Presentations at the Year 2000 Conference
Ethics
in the New Millenium - Brinning the Public and Private Sectors
-- from International Insitutte for Public Ethics, September 24-28,
2000, Ottawa, Canada:
- A
Guided Conversation on Global Ethics --by John Bryant: This
presentation is a guided conversation of four writings of a
major global importance by groups of people in positions of
leadership and responsibility. The discussion considers two
viewpoints (1) what it means to be human and (2) what it means
to conduct business in the world. (in PDF format)
- Ethics
of the Corps of Civil Service in Poland -- by Jacek Czaputowicz,
Deputy Head of Civil Service, Poland. (in PDF format)
- Problem
of Corruption In Georgia: Political, Legal, and Economic Aspects
- by Dr. Londa Esadze, Chairman of the IBA of the Parliament
of Georgia. (in PDF format)
- At
the Heart of Ethics Teaching, The Human Person by Marie-Ange
Etayo-Pinol, Lecturer, Universite Jean Moulin-Lyon, France.
(in PDF format)
- Motivating
Ethical Conduct in Government Ministers -- by Dr. Jenny
Fleming & Dr. Ian Holland, Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice
and Governance, Griffith University, Australia. (in PDF format)
- The
4-Way Test -- by Bill Hodges, Governor-Elect, District 7040,
William Gant, Director, Rotary International. (in PDF
format)
- Public
and Business Ethics: Similar or Different -- by Dr. Leo
Huberts, Dr. Hans van den Heuvel Department of Political Science
and Public Administration Vrije University, Netherlands
& Maurice Punch, Professor London School of Economics /
University of Essex. (in PDF format)
- Ethics
as a Dependent Variable in Individual and Organizational Decision
Making -- by Dr. Alan Lovell Nottingham Business School,
Nottingham Trent University, England. (in PDF format)
- Determining
Propensity for Ethical Misadventures: An Organizational Analysis
-- by Stephen Maguire. (PowerPoint Format)
- Chinese
Officials: Faithful to the State of Faithful to the Self
-- by Li Maosen, Ph.D., Deputy Secretary-General, China National
Association for Ethical Studies. (in PDF format)
- The
Care Less Society and the Erosion of Individual Responsibility
-- by Verner C. Petersen, CREDO / Department of Organization
and Management, Aarhus School of Business, Denmark. (in PDF
format)
- Dutch
Police Officers Perceptions on Integrity -- by Maurice Punch,
Professor, London School of Economics / University of Essex,
Dr. Leo Huberts & Terry Lamboo, Department of Political
Science and Public Administration, Vrije University, Netherlands.
(in PDF format)
- U.S.
Supreme Court Decision Dealing with the Ethical Consequences
of Privatization --by John A. Rohr, Ph.D., Centre for Public
Administration and Policy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, U.S.A.
(in PDF format)
- News
and Ethics in a Real-Time World: Effects on Public and Private
Sectors -- by Philip Seib Lucius W. Nieman Professor of
Journalism, Marquette University, U.S.A. (in PDF format)
- Two
Different Approaches to Ethics - A Challenge or a Solution to
the Subject's Problem -- by Maria Soares, Lecturer, Catholic
University in Lisbon, Portugal Student, University of Lancaster,
England. (in PDF format)
- The
Slide form Public Sector to Private Sector In-Home Care: Some
Ethical Concerns -- by Susan Stack & Chris Provis, School
of International Business, University of South Australia. (in
PDF format)
- Psychoanalysis,
Christianity and Ethics: Basic Issues -- by Dr. Roland Sublon,
Psychoanalyst, Professor Emeritus of Ethics, Marc-Bloch University,
Strasbourg, Austria. (in PDF format)
- Discourse
Ethics - A Good Way to Develop Moral / Ethical Understanding
-- by Michael Sutton. (in PDF format)
- "With
a Little Help form my Friends" - The Problem of Patronage
in International Business -- by Robin Theobald, Professor
of Organization Studies, Westminster Business School, Westminster
University, England. (in PDF format)
- Public
Trust, Integrity and Privatization -- by Dr. Rosamund Thomas,
Director, Centre for Business and Public Sector Ethics, England.
(in PDF format)
- Moderating
Political Ethics: Ministerial Ethics in Parliamentary Systems
-- by John Uhr, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management,
Australian National University. (in PDF format)
- The
Effect of Generational Cohort on Public Sector Ethics --
by Eleanor Glor. (in PDF format)
OECD
Publications:
- Building
Public Trust: Ethics Measures in OECD Countries.
OECD/PUMA Policy Brief No. 7 (2000) -- in PDF format
- "Getting
the Public Ethics Right" - article in the OECD
Observer, No. 220, April 2000
- Survey for
managing ethics in the public service: Introduction
and questionnaire
-- the questionnaire used for the first international ethics
survey of OECD countries. (1999)
- Improving
Ethical Conduct in the Public Service (1998). Recommendation
of the OECD Council adopted on 23 April 1998. -- in PDF format
- Ethics
Management Calls for Balanced Approach -- SIGMA - Public
Management Forum, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1998
- Symposium
on Ethics in the Public Sector: Challenges and Opportunities
for OECD Countries (1997). Symposium documentation available,
including programme, issues paper, keynote address and the executive
summaries of other papers presented. (HTML and PDF)
- Ethics
in the Public Service: Current Issues and Practice (1996)
Occasional Paper No. 14 plus background country reports
- Ethics
in Government Gains Higher Profile and Cracking
Corruption -- SIGMA - Public Management Forum, Vol. II,
No. 5, 1996
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Case
Studies: The Management of ethics and conduct in the public
sector (Australia,
Finland,
United
Kingdom, Mexico,
The
Netherlands,
Norway, New
Zealand, Potugal,
United
States)
Public
Management and Governance (PUMA) -- OECD programme to assist
governments in building and strengthening effective, efficient
and transparent government structures.
Association
for Practical and Professional Ethics
Center
for the Study of Ethics in the Professions: Codes of Ethics Online
Project from the Illinois Institute of Technology
DePaul
University Institute for Business and Professional Ethics
The
Ethics Resource Center
European
Institute for Business Ethics
Harvard
Program in Ethics and the Professions
Kennedy
Institute of Ethics at Georgetown
Online
Ethics Center
The
Wharton Ethics Programme
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